A Good Student Is Never An Easy Thing - 1107 Words

To be a good student is never an easy thing. Spending restless nights studying and working can definitely wear you down. I always found a love for school, but it never came easy for me. When the workload got too high I would panic and put it off until the last second, or, in some cases, not complete it at all. As I began to get older, my thirst for knowledge began to weaken, and I started to underestimate the privilege and value of my Catholic education. I grew up all my life attending Catholic school and when high school came around, I never considered the consequences that would come from not trying my hardest. My parents explained to me the sacrifices they would have to make to send me to a Catholic high school and that they felt I wasn t motivated enough. The public schooling district where I live is not very strong and the curriculum and teaching staff is subpar. I had many friends from other schools and I always felt that the education I was receiving was always one step ahead. My older brother attended a Catholic high school and went on to college. I admire my brother and it was always just assumed that I would follow in his foot steps. When my parents told me that I had to shadow my local school I was devastated. I realized that I had been slacking and I was determined to make up for it. I began to think of ways to persuade my parents into considering my options. A good education can provide the knowledge and skills to do anything. It helps to become moreShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech On My Exchange Year1580 Words   |  7 PagesGood evening to everyone and thanks President Rob for giving me the opportunity to have this last presentation about my exchange year in Australia. One year has gone, and I can admit that many things happened but I couldn’t be happier about it. Today is my 340th day here in Australia: I came in a place without knowing anyone, without my family or my friends and I had the chance to live another life that I built with m y hands. I wasn’t alone though: I had my host families that always supported me;Read MoreEssay on Preparing Our Children for Success with Education1495 Words   |  6 PagesOnce you choose what you are going to be when you grow up you apply to university and college. One thing though that you are not told when your younger is the expenses of school and saving money towards it. You are always told that you need school and you have to go to school. But never how expensive school really is in Canada especially in Ontario. As easy as it sounds to get an education to get a good job, it really is not like that there are other factors. As much as people say money is not everythingRead MoreThe Importance Of Cheating In Society1179 Words   |  5 PagesCheating is a common activity in today’s society. Whether it’s on a test at school, taking part in tax fraud, or even just playing a board game with your family, cheating can occur. Some people have never thought of chea ting as that big of deal. They see it as a way to get ahead without doing that much work, but others view cheating as going against their moral values and don’t want to compromise them. Nowadays, cheating on a test or letting someone copy down your answers on a homework assignmentRead MoreI Was Not A Perfect Smart Student911 Words   |  4 PagesI was never a fan of anyone before until I met and took Dr. Shipman’s class of University of Texas Arlington. She is really an intelligent professor with an active teaching style for students to be successful. I like her and so I truly had learned plenty of knowledge from her, who has motivated me to become a confident lady in math now. However, the thing I will never forget about her in my life that she gave me the award â€Å"Bernice Livers Sonricker Endowed Scholarship 2014† even I was not a perfectRead MoreReflection Of Mythology1642 Words   |  7 Pagesfurther your basic skills. Maybe to learn about a new concept that you never heard of. Tri -City united offers many elective english choices, offering something for all. I chose to observe the sixth hour Mythology class. Mythology is one passed up by students who might rather choose fiction to film, or real world writing as their english option. There are those students who are looking for something different, and something easy, and to them Mythology might be just that. I didn’t know much about theRead MoreEssay Excellent Students Excell501 Words   |  3 PagesStudents who excel in class and are successful throughout life have something in common which is much more important than accreditations and high test scores. Through the use of analytical, practical and creative thinking skills they are able to face life’s greatest challenges. Every educational institution has good and bad students, so in order to boost your chance at success you need to surround yourself with the good students. Noticing patterns can help you see the d ifferences between studentsRead MorePlagiarism Essay744 Words   |  3 Pages Being a college student is hard. College requires plenty of work. Some students have other things to do besides going to school; some of them need to work in order to pay for their tuition. When school isn’t the only thing students have to worry about, they might get behind in their classes, but they can’t fail them so they have to find out a way to stay on both their job and school. A large amount of students are pushed into cheating; they do it so often that suddenly it becomes a habit. NowadaysRead MoreThe On The Consumer Market891 Words   |  4 Pagesof. Being a consumer in this modern economic climate requires a savvy understanding of things like the global market, international financial interests and malicious scammers looking for easy marks. Being an effective consumer means having and using a small, workable, amount of knowledge about the consumer market place, or being consumer literate. Consumer literacy is specifically important to college students becaus e companies tend to target them with deals full of hidden fees and bundled servicesRead MoreDiscovering Success As An Online Student, By Jessica1080 Words   |  5 PagesDiscovering Success as an Online student, By Jessica Glaze Becoming an online student is not always an easy decision, but sometimes the best decision. A lot of people have very busy lives such as having a family, full-time job and/or other priorities. I myself had to tend to family and a full- time job, so online classes were the best decision for me. I was initially a traditional student, so I became accustomed to a classroom setting. Within making that tough decision, I did not know that myRead MoreAdderall1457 Words   |  6 Pagescomes to students and young professionals trying to get an advantage. It will discuss both the positive and negative side effects of taking these smart pills along with the specific affects/reasons for ingesting them whether they are prescribed or not. Introduction Adderall, a prescription drug, was first developed to treat patients that suffer from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a chronic condition including attention difficulty, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. Students and young

Developmental Analysis Essay - 2754 Words

Developmental Analysis Bonita Camacho Liberty University Coun 502 Abstract The field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan is called lifespan development. Lifespan development takes a scientific approach in its study of growth, change, and stability. This development emphases on human development. Developmentalists study the course of development in nonhuman species, the most popular examine growth and change in people. In contrast I will focus on the ways people and myself change and grow during our lives, with the consideration of stability in our live span. Together, these findings suggest that we will go through†¦show more content†¦One thing is for sure: No recipe for parenting will guarantee a good nights sleep every night or perfect children (Hotelling, 2004). As stated in the article Bowlby (1982) defined attachment as a child being â€Å"strongly disposed to seek proximity to and contact with a specific figure and to do so in certain situation, notably when h e is frightened, tired or ill†. Typically, preferred attachment emerges clearly in the latter part of the 1st year of life, as evidenced by the appearance of separation protest and stranger wariness. Under usual conditions, preferred attachment unfolds gradually over the 1st year of life (Zeanah and Fox, 2004). Preferred attachments to caregivers may develop at any time after infants reach a cognitive age of 7 to 9 months, provided that the new caregivers have sufficient involvement with the child. Thus, young children adopted out of foster care or institutions readily form attachments to their new caregivers (Zeanah and Fox, 2004). Zeanah and Fox (2004) states there are four patterns of attachment, secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized have described individual differences in the organization of an infant’s attachment behaviors with respect to an attachment figure in this procedure. RAD was first introduced into the diagnostic nosologies just over 20 years ago, with the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. [DSM-III], American PsychiatricShow MoreRelatedDevelopmental Stage Analysis1644 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopmental Stage Analysis The two clients that I have selected for my analysis are two year old Ben who is beginning the toilet training process. And my second client Jake who is forty- five years old and is feeling unappreciated, Jake has recently purchased a corvette after driving a truck for the last twenty years. Ben is going through the Preoperational stage. During this time, children start using language to explore and understand their worlds (rather than relying primarily on sensory andRead MoreCOUN 502 Developmental Analysis Paper2771 Words   |  12 Pages Developmental Analysis Paper Tianna N. Johnson Liberty University December 7, 2014 ABSTRACT Human growth and development over a lifetime shows how a person evolves from birth to the time of death. Psychologists study the development of children teaching influencing their future. My childhood experiences influences my adulthood, but I have to show maturity. Does this mean that I do the same things I did as I child? What kind of growth did I show from elementary age to high schoolRead MoreAnalysis And Application Of Early Childhood Developmental Psychology878 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis and Application Concepts and theories are applied in early childhood developmental psychology to explain why our legal system is justified in ruling that young children are not responsible for criminal actions. Biological, cognitive, emotional and moral development plays an integral part in the early development of a child’s brain maturity. Biological Argument(s) A child’s brain is very delicate during the early developmental years, especially between ages 2 and 6. Although the brain isRead MoreAnalysis of Pervasive Developmental Disorders1076 Words   |  5 PagesMar. 2014. Treatment. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Dec. 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. University of Michigan Health System. Autism, Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD): Your Child:. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. Read MoreDevelopmental Analysis4718 Words   |  19 PagesDevelopmental Analysis The development of a child is viewed from a number of different perspectives by several developmental theorists. While some say that development continues throughout the life, others would hold an opinion that children stop to develop as soon as they mature. Therefore, lifespan developmental theorists have focused on a number of areas while studying the development of an individual. Some of these areas include cognitions, social development, sexual development, moral developmentRead MoreA Developmental Worker Analysis :1366 Words   |  6 PagesA Developmental Worker Analysis: (337)Question 1: The first value that I would bring to a developmental worker for a government agency would be to provide solidarity within a neo-liberal culture. The current examples of this form of managerial form of cooperation between corporate suppliers of resources and the governmental collectivization process. Solidarity amongst all parties is crucial for maintain a cooperative organization that can adjust through complex community actions and the managerialRead MoreDevelopmental History Analysis1407 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopmental History Analysis Life-Span Development Developmental History Analysis Often in human services, compiling a developmental history is an essential part of gathering information that will provide critical details to assist providers in making choices that will help clients receive assistance with health and psychological issues. This paper will analyze the developmental history of four-year old Quaushia Bolden. Quaushia is a compilation of several clients that this authorRead MoreDevelopmental Analysis Essay3291 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿ Developmental Analysis Liberty University Abstract This paper serves to apply the knowledge learned throughout the course, COUN 502, to the development and growth in my lifespan. I will aim to demonstrate a working knowledge of the theories, terminology, and concepts of human growth and development. I will show how these disciplines apply to my own life experiences and how I did throughout my key life events, through the use of empirical studies. Developmental Analysis Although I wouldRead MoreAnalysis Of Akiko s Developmental Stages And Processes2426 Words   |  10 Pageshad to work more just because she is Japanese. Mystery: Akiko demonstrates her intense emotion towards her colleague at work. Why did she behave that way and did not understand her manger’s intervention? Research Question: What, in Akiko s developmental stages and processes, can help explain why she yelled at her colleague? And why her manager disliked her behavior? Stage: Adulthood Akiko is a single, thirty-three years old. She works in a New York Branch of a Japanese Bank. She also volunteersRead MoreHuman Resource Management : A Meta- Analysis On Strategies, Testing And, And Developmental Stages1655 Words   |  7 Pages UMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT : A Meta- Analysis on Strategies, Testing and Developmental Stages in the Canadian Business Setting. Joanny Belgica Vautour and Jules Verc Chomsky Cornell University Abstract: In the recent years, studies which focus on the Canadian perspective in terms of strategies and redefining testing methods used in many businesses were still inadequate to provide a better understanding as well as solution towards

Canadian Criminal Justice System Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Canadian Criminal Justice System. Answer: The Author has deeply emphasized the mental issues faced by the offenders in correctional homes in modern criminal justice system in Canada. A majority of reports in Canada comprises of violence which has propounded serious consequences in the lives and wellness of the Canadian people. According to the Author, the number of violent crimes reported in Canada is relatively high as compared to other Western countries. However, in the last few decades, attempts have been made in order to predict the level of violence within the framework of criminal justice system. In traditional criminal justice system, the prediction of criminal justice system has been accompanied by the study of psychopathic and unstructured clinical judgment. The Author has deeply focused on the situation that what actually happens between the police and the individuals suffering from mental illness during their first encounter. People suffering from mental issues are often encountered with the police officers. The intervention of police officers into the lives of the people suffering from mental health issues has proved to be beneficial in protecting their well being and safety. The Author highlighted the main issues that in spite of the advent of new techniques and programs, in order to improve the communication of the police with the people suffering from mental illness, effective evaluation in such field is limited. Since time immemorial, the objectives of these programs have been difficult to evaluate and measure. However, with the evolution of such effective programs, rates of arrest and injuries to the person suffering from mental illness has reduced considerably. The author has emphasized on various community-based services which are effective in serving as an alternative to incarceration for those suffering from mental illness. It can be observed that individuals suffering from health disorders are often involved in the system of criminal justice. These communities suffering from mental illness has been creating huge influence on the criminal justice system and the health care departments. In order to get access to the community based services, the population is likely to get detained in order to lead a productive life by saving costs. The Author has also examined different range of programs that has been effectively employed by the local government with the involvement of various communities related to health and criminal justice systems. However, these programs from the very beginning have proved to be beneficial in improving mental health issues of the community while savings the costs involved in the process. The Author in this regard has intended to provide the impact of various treatments upon the persons suffering from mental issues in detention along with the impact upon recidivism. It is a universally accepted phenomenon that individuals suffering from mental illness are often over-represented in the criminal justice system of Canada. It has been observed that in Canada, most of the individuals suffering from mental illness have been placed in prisons rather than psychiatric centers. The author provided a brief idea about the concept of recidivism in which former offenders are at the risk to get arrested for similar offence twice. The main points of the Article however deal with the interventions of the police department that has been designed in order to evaluate the challenges faced by the mentally ill offender communities. However, the police community has been regarded as one of the significant respondent in building contact with the offenders suffering from mental illness. In order to create positive impact on the offenders suffering from mental illness, various planning regarding the concept of pre-release planning and community responses have been created by the Canadian Criminal Justice System in order to provide assistance to the offenders coping up with the issues regarding mental health. In the conclusion the author stated that the issues regarding mental health problems are still not recognized under the Canadian Criminal Justice System. However, with the introduction of recent policies, the identification of mental health issues has taken new directions. With the evolution of the process of rehabilitation and de- institutionalism of people suffering from mental illness, there has been reduction in the number of correctional centers. This may increase the number of mentally unstable prisoners in Canada. With the advent of various policies which is focused on the diversion of mentally-unstable offenders into convenient mental health services. However, such policies have proved to be inconsistent and therefore new ways has been proposed in order to improve identification and diversion of issues related to such offenders. The author highlighted the existing situation of the Aboriginal people in Ontario for the purpose of Ipperwash Inquiry. In this regard, the Author was commissioned to examine the value of relationship between the Aboriginal people of Ontario and the criminal justice system. Since time immemorial, the Supreme Court of Canada has been referred to as the crisis in the Canadian Justice System. According to the Author, this is due to the reason that the condition of Aboriginal community has been clearly over represented in the criminal justice system of Canada. In the correctional centers of Ontario, the youths of Aboriginal origin are overrepresented at a higher rate than those of the Aboriginal adults. The Author identified the main issues and provided explanation of three significant factors- the cultural clash, impact of colonialism and socio-economic factors. The Author has intended to provide an explanation of the impact of over-policing. The concept of over-policing refers to the practice in which the police community targets individuals of different communities irrespective of racial backgrounds. The history of over-policing has a long impact on the Aboriginal people. The local governments of Canada have traditionally implemented the concept of over-policing on the Aboriginal community. Due to the practice of over-policing in Canadian justice system, it created distrust in the minds of the Aboriginal people against the police communities. According to the Author, in modern world, the Aboriginal people are also overrepresented as victims under the Criminal justice system. They are even under-policed. The government of Canada from the very beginning ignored the request of the Aboriginal people by rejecting their claims and grievances. In this regard, it has been observed that, the concept of over-policing has created significant impact on the attitude of the Aboriginal people towards the police. The Author has referred the concepts of over-policing and under-policing as two sides of a same coin. However, significant measures were taken by the government and courts of Canada in order to address the problems faced by the Aboriginal people. The programs initiated by the Canadian government have been funded by both the federal and provincial governments. It has been observed that, in spite of all the initiatives, the overrepresentation of the Aboriginal people over the concepts of over-policing and under-policing has not di minished in the last ten to fifteen years. The Author highlighted the belief that the Aboriginal people are considered to be less than equal. However, such belief is rarely enunciated as it had been influencing the relationship between the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people. In this regard, the Author has intended to provide an idea on cross-cultural awareness programs in order to break the stereotypes that are deeply rooted in the minds of the people. In order to challenge the stereotypes it is necessary to change the prevailing conditions that allow such stereotypes to stay in the society. It has been observed that over a certain period of time, the number of Aboriginal offenders increased in custody. However, the number of non-Aboriginal offenders decreased subsequently. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of offenders in the Canadian Justice System. The jail population has increased considerably. The Author emphasized on the part that since time immemorial, the Aboriginal overrepresentation has not been a significant part of the Canadian Criminal Justice System. The main points of the Article are associated with the identification of Aboriginal offenders that has been compiled regularly in order to provide admissions to the correctional centers and institutions, prisons and detention centers. In this regard, the Author provided a brief explanation regarding the issues faced by the Aboriginal people in such correctional institutions and prisons. The correctional officers often determine that whether a person is Aboriginal or not. The individuals are not directly enquired that whether they belong to the Aboriginal community or not because in spite of telling the truth they might not have been believed. Therefore, the prison inmates do not want themselves to be identified as Aboriginal. If they have been identified as Aboriginal while in jail custody, they may undergo harsh punishments. In the conclusion, the Author has focused on the overrepresentation of the Aboriginal people in Canada in context of the federal and western provinces. This is because the overrepresentation has been observed in the percentage of Aboriginal people in prisons and detention centers rather than the issue which is prevalent in Canada as a whole. It can be observed that most of the provincial inmates in Ontario are of Aboriginal origin and they occupy half of the jail population in Canada. However, the Author has commissioned to examine that the overrepresentation of Aboriginal people has significantly increased in Ontario as it is a home for a large number of Aboriginal people. References: Michalski, J. H. (2017). Mental health issues and the Canadian criminal justice system.Contemporary justice review,20(1), 2-15. Rudin, J. (2016). Aboriginal peoples and the criminal justice system.

Sexual Harassment and culture

Table of Contents Introduction Sexual Harassment in Schools A cultural viewpoint on sexual harassment Sexual harassment and culture Empirical-based research Conclusions References Introduction The contemporary workplace has transformed a great deal compared to a few decades ago. Both diversity and multiculturalism are now more dominant than ever before as occasioned by the impact of globalization. As a result, employers can hardly disregard the cultural-based influences brought about by other workers at the place of work.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Harassment and culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, the understanding of sexual harassment can only be vivid when explored in terms of cross-cultural dimensions. Nonetheless, it is imperative to note that the characterization of sexual harassment might be complex since its actual meaning has not been adequately comprehended even within a sing le culture (Saguy, 2003). In retrospect, sexual harassment has been a subject of debate for ages especially when elements such as human resource management are brought on board. Furthermore, the debate is not merely concentrated at a local level, it is rather widespread. The attempt to give meaning to the concept of sexual harassment is further complicated by the fact that the environment that is multicultural in nature is also put into account. There is a lot of controversy surrounding this concept when ideas from myriad of cultures are all considered. For instance, the understanding of sexual harassment in one culture may be completely different from another one, or even complement each other. What might be a norm in one culture may be a taboo in another and vice versa. Better still; values that are cherished in one culture may totally be repugnant in another one. On the same note, the way an employer will respond to sexual harassment issues arising at workplace will be dictated b y cultural elements. Hence, the process of demonstrating the impacts of visualizing sexual harassment based on cultural ideals requires shrewd consideration of certain implicit factors. For example, both workers and managers should be educated on the relevance of cultural diversity. Besides, cultural psychology should be made use especially when handling court cases that are addressing disputes emanating from sexual harassment and finally, due consideration should be made on standards and policies that are being used on different personalities, bearing in mind their cultural values. This paper explores the intrigues of sexual harassment and cultural diversity and the debate surrounding the concept.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sexual Harassment in Schools Sexual harassment can also prevail in educational institutions. The amendment of the Hong Kong’s Sex Discrimination Ordin ance (SDO) law that was adopted on 3rd October 2008 witnessed the incorporation of educational settings as one of the areas where sexual harassment offense can take place (the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2009). According to the amendment, sexual harassment in educational institutions entails the creation of an antagonistic and threatening learning environment. The new law further specifies that the leadership of schools has the responsibility of making sure that students and the rest of the school community are co-exist in a school environment that is free of any form of sexual harassment. These guidelines have also been emphasized by the Equal Opportunity Commission (EOC) reiterating that schools should take pragmatic measures in providing a favourable atmosphere suitable for learning. According to the commission, this can be achieved by developing work contracts for employees as well as discipline code of conduct for students in written form. The sch ools should ensure that the stated rules and regulations are stated to the letter. Besides, all complaints arising from sexual harassment cases should be dealt with decisively by the school administration. A cultural viewpoint on sexual harassment As a business hub in the world, Hong Kong is an important centre for conducting international business. Most of the inhabitants of the country are people of Chinese origin. The tourist flow in and out of Hong Kong is relatively impressive throughout the twelve calendar months, qualifying the nation as an equal opportunity employer in Asia. In spite of the Chinese dominance, the cultural values and practices of Hong Kong people are distinct from the Chinese ones. The Hong Kong constitution and other by-laws are largely influenced affected by the legislation derived from its former colonizer, Britain as well as what is referred to as common law. The Sex Discrimination Ordinance (SDO) piece of legislation describes the sexual harassment law w ith respect to Hong Kong culture (Adler Towne, 2003). According to SDO, sexual harassment of whatever nature has been made a tort. Hence, whoever feels that he or she has been injured by a given act of sexual harassment is allowed to sue the offender.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Harassment and culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Hong Kong law on sexual harassment is perhaps one of the perfect examples of legislations in the world that do not only embody cultural diversity, but also applies the existing laws to the latter. However, there are still open loopholes in the implementation of the sexual harassment Act since the judiciary has been reported several times to be lax and have not proved themselves to be tantamount to the uphill task of effecting the legislation to the latter (Luo, 1996). Worse still, this piece of legislation may not be putting into consideration other diverse cultures and how they perceive sexual harassment. The legislation seems to dwell so much on the sexual injustices meted on a female person by a male offender. It is however vital to note that modern day sexual harassment offences may originate from either gender contrary to the popular belief by most conventional literatures. The Hong Kong legislation also specifies that all acts of sexual harassment are illegal not just at workplace but also in other areas. This is good enough for the country since the harassment offence is broad and several categories through which the crime can be conducted have been addressed. Nonetheless, we are yet to find clauses within the legislation that offer relevance to culture. As mentioned earlier, the SDO Act has myriad of attributes as far as the protection of sexual dignity of individuals is concerned. Nevertheless, in spite of the far-reaching description of sexual harassment as contained in the document, the law fails to cover certain areas of interest. I t is imperative to note that SDO mainly concentrates on sexual harassment outcomes emanating only from specified areas such as employment or at workplace (Dank Refinetti, 1998). Hence, some areas where sexual harassment cases can arise are not catered for. This is a serious omission in view of the fact that even before the concept of sexual harassment could be visualised; it already existed in the fragile culture. Unfortunately, the society and governments in particular seem to contemplate sexual harassment only on the basis institutions, ignoring the grim reality that family units in well established marriages also encounter the ordeal though in varying degrees. Furthermore, women are wholly protected by SDO and not their counterpart males. Therefore, the Hong Kong legislation does not cover sexual harassment cases emanating from same sex. This may be quite tricky owing to the fact that same sex relationships have never been societal norms across the globe although such unique aff airs are increasingly taking shape in the contemporary society.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In some cultures, it is definitely unacceptable to discuss same sex affairs. A mention of lesbianism or gay relationships is strictly a taboo and perhaps this is the reason why the SDO Act is not touching on it. Nonetheless, throwing a blind eye on same sex sexual harassment cases is not helpful either. The bare reality is that the society has undergone through a series of dynamic transformations and as a result, new and perhaps strange forms of sexual encounters are on board. Failure to address the need and concerns of same sex affairs is unwarranted since they too are part and parcel of the society. The third shortcoming of the Hong Kong legislation lies on the verity that the burden of proof that the plaintiff is supposed to shoulder is extremely heavy. According to the court, only an objective test is applied to ascertain the truth by the claimant on sexual harassment. This test is not straightforward and may complicate the process of seeking justice. There are multiple claims t hat have been thrown away due to the problematic nature of this test method (Kennedy Gorzalka, 2002). For instance, how can the courts rule out that a given complainant was highly responsive to physical touch and so that cannot account to sexual harassment? Or how do we justify that the claimant failed to resist sexual harassment? These are just some of the concerns on the weakness portrayed in the SDO Act that need to be amended if justice will finally be meted on the victims. It is unimaginable to see how the very judiciary entrusted with the onerous role of discharging justice failing with impunity to play their part. Moreover, judges presiding over sexual harassment cases under the SDO legislation may sometimes dismiss some of the complaints presented to them arguing that the female might have flaunted herself to an extent of being sexually harassed (Saguy, 2003). In some cases, the complainant is said to have reached a consensus at an earlier date with the wrongdoer and theref ore any allegation of sexual harassment may be ill directed. There are also instances when the courts will argue that the claimant delayed to report the incidence. All the aforementioned bases used by judges to ignore cases presented to them are serious loopholes in the Hong Kong legislation. It is quite ambiguous for the existing laws on sexual harassment to fail in terms of clarity. Sexual harassment and culture Although it may be quite cumbersome to undertake reforms in the anti sexual harassment laws or better still changing the deeply rooted attitude of offenders, there are quite a number of modalities that can be instituted in place to assist in the process of rightful interpretation and application of the law. The challenge of sexual harassment in relation to culture is enormous. In spite of this, the Asian countries and the world at large are yet to embark on a holistic perspective in resolving the challenge. It is not just enough to declare the illegality of sexual harassme nt; there are myriad of issues surrounding the offence and which require a thoughtful approach. In addition, decisions endorsed by the judiciary in regard to compensating the claimants are still not sufficient in curbing this growing societal challenge. Similarly, situations whereby complaints committees are formed to penalize offenders cannot curb this growing heinous act. The war against sexual harassment will only be won if all stakeholders are involved. We need the entire society, not just to participate but be proactive in shielding all the possible avenues of this demeaning practice (Lee, 2001). One likely explanation why the Hong Kong law on sexual harassment is not comprehensive in spite of its highly esteemed and elevated status is that the cultural view point and its significance on controlling the offence has not been factored in the current campaign against the act. We need the active and concerted effort from religious reformers, politicians and social scientists. The b road agenda should be to change the mindset of offenders rather than relying on the problematic legal process. However, this does not imply that the courts are done away with in this matter. The legislations enacted to curtail the activities of harassers should by far and large, considerate of the diverse cultures. The media is yet another powerful tool that can be used dispatch the right messages as part of changing the mentality of potential and upcoming offenders (Parish, Das Laumann, 2006). There is also the delicate balance in terms of gender equity and presentation in various commissions, equal opportunity commissions, committees that deal with complaints as well as the judiciary. No single country can adequately deal with incidents of sexual harassment without encompassing the effort from both genders. It is a common experience of males dominating most of these bodies formed to oversee sexual harassment. This is erroneous and it is also the likely point where the society div erted or lost track in the fight against sexual harassment. Women should equal players. The Sexual Harassment of Women Bill in India provides that the complaints committee dealing with sexual harassment should be headed by a female and 50% of its membership should also be made up of women (Berryman-Fink, 1997). This is a remarkable step that ensures comprehensiveness in incorporating culture and gender in solving the problem. The Hong case is also limited by the fact that the coverage of the legislation has a narrow scope in the sense that it addresses only a few situations the offence is perpetrated. It is worth noting that sexual harassment is multi-faceted and cannot be approached from a single viewpoint. Before the final verdict can be reached by the courts, thorough investigation using variety of tests is necessary. There are conspicuous uneasiness in proving an incidence of sexual harassment according to the current Hong Kong legislation. The theory that the courts are left to prove each case as objectively as possible is not welcome. This is in fact the major setback when following up cases related to sexual harassment. A better alternative to this fiasco will be to leave the claimant to shoulder the burden of proof just like other ordinary cases. The innocence of the wrongdoer should only be proved by the offender and not the courts. Further still, the Hong Kong courts do not award adequate damages to the complainant. This implies that the wrongdoer does not feel the pinching impacted of undergoing conviction and as a result, such light penalties may not deter the offender from committing the crime again. Unfortunately, the Hong Kong judges have never stuck to the letter on the direction given by anti sexual harassment legislation to advance exemplary damages. For example, much of what is awarded as damages in Hong Kong is not commensurate with the per capita income of the area which is quite high. A case look at United States reveals that when sexual harassment disputes are settled out of the court, an average sum of 300,000 US dollars is awarded to the victim. This is a lot fair and sincerely speaking, the economic culture of the region has been put into consideration before compensating the claimant. There are some other working environments that do not culturally make use of working contracts that encompass sexual harassment clause. This is due to either the ignorance of the fact that such harassment is not commonplace or employers and managers are pre-occupied with maximizing returns for their companies at the expense of employee welfare (Canary Spitzberg, 1987). Restraining sexual harassment at workplace will demand the institution of employment contracts that clearly stipulates terms and conditions of working. One of the most important elements of this agreement should be the termination of employment after due investigation of a sexual harassment case surrounding the concerned individual. Such a step will have deterrent effect on the wrongdoer. Victims who have undergone sexual harassment may develop psychological problems either at a personal or family level. Dealing with such an aftermath requires proper integration of culture. A near perfect way is the use of women organisations with counselling experts to offer guidance and counselling to the affected persons. Culturally, women are generally known to offer the best consolation compared to men. Indeed, when this natural ability is integrated with expertise knowledge, the process of recovery can really be hastened. The patriarchal norms of the society need to be reformed. There are certain standards that have run deep into the societal fabric. Unfortunately, some these norms and standards are not beneficial while they have been adopted as part and parcel of the acceptable culture. In order to uproot what is not desired, women groups are well placed to act proactively in derailing the misleading norms. In any case, there are countless instances of sexual harassment that are primarily caused by our own deteriorating norms. Women are also the best agents in championing the much needed change since they are also the group that is culturally susceptible to this form of abuse. Hence, all stakeholders involved the fight against the growing sexual harassment against women should understand that respecting, honouring and dignifying women is the highest duty. Both intensive and extensive investigations have been carried out on differences in gender in regard to sexual harassment as compared to cultural differences. Limited research studies have been conducted in this area in spite of the potential effect of culture on sexual harassment. At this juncture, it is paramount to distinguish between the component that deals with understanding culture and a hostile environment that has been subjected to an environment that is not conducive. Hence, the definition of a subjective standard for an environment that is considered hostile is necess ary. Before concluding on any particular judgment on sexual harassment it is imperative to bear in mind the cultural differences which may have influenced the wrongdoer in committing the offence. The explanation for this is simple and straightforward; the world today has become more globalised than before and the thought of hiring employees definitely brings in the issue of cultural diversity. In any one particular workplace, it is highly likely that employees will be made up of people from diverse backgrounds, subscribing unique values and standards. Therefore, diversity in culture is a phenomenon that managers and employers have to wrestle with from time to time. It is also interesting to note that all individuals have a strong personal appeal for their own original cultures. The very individuals who are also in working capacity can also identify quite well what is meant by a hostile working environment in as far as sexual abuse in concerned. Indeed, they can do this better than t heir fellow workers who are residents in a particular country simply due to the unfamiliar environment they are in. To this end, there are limited studies that only report on cases of sexual harassment that are not yet proved. This is a common feature of United States. Although we can take such studies seriously and use them for further valuation, it is still not adequate to rely on the data obtained from one country like US for a well thought out empirical study (Clair, 1993). Notwithstanding these evident weaknesses, both the existing data that is also readily available that attempt to compare various cultures within their original locations can be used as an eye opener in understanding how differences in culture and sexual harassment compare and contrast. There are countries that are patriarchal in nature whereby not many women are employed in occupations dominated by males. In such countries, conducting research study on sexual harassment is not accepted since it can endanger th e career of respondents (Lott, Reilly Howard, 2002). Even in the event that we have to generalize on some ideas due to lack of sufficient data, it is still not easy; the process is quite cumbersome. Empirical-based research Brazil, a South American country, is well endowed both politically and economically. By 1988, the country had already enshrined gender equality in its constitutional document. Another law enacted in 1991 illegalised all forms of sexual harassment (Adler Towne, 2003). It is interesting to learn that recent research surveys conducted in the North and South American college students revealed quite an astounding disparity. The cross-cultural research concluded that the Brazilian concept of sexual harassment is unique compared to North American definition in spite of the fact that no difference exist between the students in the north and south. From the study, it was evident that students originating from German, Australia and most countries in North America were hi ghly likely to link sexual harassment with discriminating against gender, abuse of power as well as other harmful societal practices. According to these students, the aforementioned factors are the likely causes of sexual harassment. On the contrary, college students from Brazil were highly likely to comprehend or link sexual harassment to demanding for sex without mutual consent from both partners or seeking romance from unwilling partner. There was nothing to do with power abuse or gender inequity at all in their perception. The study of sexual harassment cases is done in a different way in Europe compared to countries in South America. As a result, it becomes quite difficult to draw vivid comparisons. Nevertheless, there are noticeable similarities with those results obtained from US. Incidences in northern European countries are reported more than those in the south. This can be explained from the fact incidences of sexual harassment are more pronounced in the north than the sou th (Dodd, 1998). In spite of such brilliant reporting, the society should develop a culture of even reporting whether such cases are prevalent or not. By so doing, the immediate community will be adequately educated and be made aware of this societal ill-act. In the southern European countries, researchers have unanimously concluded that the tradition of the church as well as family values have been found to shape behavioural patterns of the society. Hence, the southerner’s culture is heavily shaped by the two factors. The case of Russia is rather unique. The laws of the country regarding sexual harassment are rather dormant and hardly enforced. In some cases, the legal process of apprehending offenders is not followed at all. Thus, a culture of ignorance has been cultivated for long leading to both poor reporting of the same as well as lack of concern and compensation for complainants. The Russian women have had to bear the brunt of this don’t-care attitude. Additiona lly, the Europeans tend to conceptualize sexual harassment in variety of ways even in those regions which average almost the same in terms of responding to the offence. The doctrines of ordered liberty and cultural defence In all the cases examined above, it is evident that variance in culture plays a significant role in either reporting or dealing with incidences of sexual harassment. In most researches carried out, communication breakdown has been cited as a serious loophole in an attempt to deal conclusively with this form of crime (Landy Conte, 2010). Further, the distortion of information by either the complainant or perpetrator of the crime is a major setback. These are also values that are socially and culturally derived. Policy makers and law enforcers alike should come to the understanding that in order to address the missing link in trying the perpetrators of sexual harassment, language which is part and parcel of culture is significant. For instance, an utterance in one language translated in another language might transform into a verbal sexual harassment and therefore influence the final outcome of the case. Different ethnic groups have their own way of understanding, interpreting or even evaluating verbal cues. An interesting example is that derived from the Malaysian community. This group perceive a touch on another person’s shoulder to be tantamount to sexual harassment. The same action might imply nothing close to harassment in other cultures such as the American society. This is the point where law enforcers handling multi-ethnic cases should not only be keen non cultural differences but also critically evaluate each sexual harassment incidence brought to them before giving their final verdict. Moreover, cultural sensitivity across the wide ethnic divide cannot be ignored. A case study of the Caucasian community reveals that commenting that someone appears sexy is sexual harassment. The spread of globalisation will occasion more sensi tivity in the manner in which multicultural issues such as sexual harassment are handled. There are myriad of socio-economic and political issues that must have been addressed with cultural perspective in mind. The swelling number of immigrants across the globe should indeed be a wakeup call for governments and in particular the legal fraternity to prepare in handling multi-cultural issues that are embedded from diverse backgrounds. In fact, the concept of sexual harassment is in itself facing cultural collision n different parts of the world especially when more than one ethnic group is entangled in the case. Both the civic tradition and con conventional legal practices should embrace change by putting into consideration the values and beliefs of other cultures (Limpaphayom, Williams Fadil, 2006). In any case, sexual harassment incidences as perceived by different cultures is fast becoming a global problem due to ignorance of the issue and in some cases static legal practices by t he judiciary which do not conform to the divergent cultures. A look at the American law reveals that there has been growing tension between the need to harmonise culture and tolerating other global cultures. However, a civilised society should always endeavour to accommodate opposing views and perhaps work harder to improve them instead of discarding them into pieces (Brase Miller, 2001). Instead, any other global society should apply the principle of ordered liberty. According to this principle, different cultures should be accommodated in what is generally referred to as cultural pluralism. However, this can only be effective if it is applied within the confines that can be endured by the majority. This does not imply that personal liberty cannot be applied. The main requirement should be such that whatever liberty is in force, it should not contravene social order, peaceful co-existence or conventions that the majority can tolerate with much ease (Neher, 1997). Although this doc trine appears appealing, it has been challenged by the left wing multiculturalists. According to the argument put forward by this group, each cultural group should pursue its own unique traditions, values and practices even if it does not fall within the boundaries of the majority. This may be quite erroneous bearing in mind that the will of the majority matters a lot. In fact, contemporary governments have been built successfully based on democratic force where the majority vote carries the day. How then should we dispute the glaring reality on the importance of unifying cultural values with sexual harassment in due regard of the majority? It is high time the left wingers changed their tact or better still, follow suit by embracing the doctrine of ordered liberty. The doctrine of cultural defence was in fact the creation of the left wingers. The latter should however propose the need of judging sexual harassment offenders according to their cultural backgrounds instead of the preva iling legislations. One major weakness assumption of the culture defence doctrine is that it is only sensitive to one culture thereby disregarding the interests of other ethnic groups. In line with this, there are some legal scholars who argue that the cultural situation of the defendant should be permitted as a mitigating element when judgment is being offered. This may sound appealing but there are underlying assumptions that should be keenly scrutinized (Itzen Newman, 2003). The cultural defence doctrine proposes that the cultural background of the offender can be used for purposes of defending a criminal offence on sexual harassment. However, rarely has it been applied as a defence mechanism in court hearings. The missing link remains to be lack of its application despite of the fact that both doctrines have been used multiple times when reporting cases related to sexual harassment. Well, it is quite vivid that there are some cultures that are more rigid than others and above a ll extremely sensitive on matters of sexuality. Worst of all, cases revolving around sexual harassment may never be given a ‘considerate’ hearing, by perhaps applying the principle of ordered liberty (DeFrancisco Palczewski, 2007). In the event that there is a gross cultural difference between the complainant and the victim, it is appropriate to make referral to such cases to the country of origin of the wrongdoer. This is especially necessary if no consensus can be reached between the two parties out-of-court or the existing laws are strictly applied as outlined in the clauses. It is vital to reiterate the various challenges inherent in the application of cultural defence when resolving sexual harassment disputes in courts. Firstly, the purported wrongdoers from other countries do not receive fair share of the justice process since there is eminent disparity in the standards being used to discharge justice. Both the plaintiff and the defendant should be treated on a c ommon legal platform regardless of the cultural background (Berdahl, Magley Waldo, 1996). Secondly, the cultural defence doctrine is a healthy ground for breeding cultural stereotyping from minority groups. Rather than the doctrine solving the conflict, it widens the divide between or among different cultures living in one country (Chae, 2007). Consequently, the smaller cultural groups are adversely alienated. Third, the doctrine markedly fails to promote the women and children’s rights. This is owing to the reinforcement of patriarchal cultural norms that are repugnant or ignorant of the welfare of sensitive groups. Sincerely speaking, when women and children are removed from the societal equation, it will be a recipe for social stratification and disintegration. Why then should we depreciate their worth at the pretext of defending culture when handling incidences of sexual harassment? Fourth, the victims do not secure their rightful justice when the offender belongs to a d ifferent culture. This is even worse considering the fact that the victim cannot make any referral or appeal the case against the defendant from the same country. Furthermore, the deterrent value that is supposed to be attached to punishment is limited especially when cultural cues are incorporated as part and parcel of mitigating for the case at hand. As a consequence, the accused may not see the sense in the entire verdict of the presiding jury and is more likely to repeat the offence with impunity within a foreseeable future. Finally, the doctrine of cultural defence sometimes fail to acknowledge the grim reality that the justice system equally permits the integration of cultural background as a mitigating factor when delivering judgments and therefore the defendant still has the right to plead for reducing the judgment instead of receiving the full sentence. Notwithstanding these limitations of cultural defence, proponents of this doctrine persist that it is only the application of this principle that individualized justice and fair rule can be enhanced. They continue to debate that there is no other better way of advancing cultural pluralism apart from applying the doctrine to the letter. Besides, the advocates of this principle maintain that the mind of the wrongdoers when committing the alleged crime can be ascertained in a better way only through the doctrine of cultural defence. Although the proponents of this unfavourable doctrine are quite outspoken on why they support it, there are notable assumptions that might result in grievous consequences if they are not addressed. It is conspicuous that the doctrine of ordered liberty has no constrictions in its application. It has no need to be backed up with mountain of explanations on why it is acceptable. It is also a live example on how multicultural conflicts such as those arising from sexual harassment can be resolved in a fair and justified manner. Moreover, proponents of the doctrine of cultural defe nce should rise to the occasion and understand the fact that there is no higher duty than giving due respect to all the diverse cultures across the globe especially when handling disputes cutting across cultures. Yet again, the doctrine of ordered liberty can indeed support the viewpoint that the concept of sexual harassment can be elaborated and discussed along culturally acknowledged practices provided that the very application does not supersede the generally accepted norms of the society. Common knowledge per se cannot be adequate in quantifying sexual harassment cases. This is almost similar to the Hong Kong SDO legislation that employs certain objective tests in determining the validity of sexual harassment cases presented to the courts. Common knowledge is uniform or standard to all users and therefore its application might be significantly different. For this reason, the much desired greater accuracy cannot be obtained. Let us consider this scenario. It is common knowledge a nd general perception that those who are powerfully superior at workplace often instigate sexual harassment to their subordinate victims. In contrast, evidence-based research has conclusively established that a higher percentage of sexual harassment incidences are prevalent among peers or colleagues. Another observation has been empirically obtained notes that individuals who have never gone through sexual harassment in the past are highly likely to point an accusing finger to the purported victim. Unfortunately, common perception may not bring this on board, limiting the justice process further (Adler Towne, 2003). In yet another empirically researched report, the length of time a complainant will endure sexual advances before eventually filing a case is paramount. Common knowledge may not consider this as an important parameter when passing judgments on offenders, let alone the cultural background. Conclusions Sexual harassment and culture are two different concepts yet interlink ed and inseparable. The societal impacts brought about by the influence of globalisation cannot be overstated; it is all evident in our day to day lives. When we mention diversity, multiple cultural backgrounds also come into play. This form of harassment is mostly common at workplaces although the vice can permeate other domains in the society such as family set ups and institutions. Hence, employers and managers can no longer ignore the significance of cultural diversity when hiring workers. To this end, it worth to note that the concept of sexual harassment is quite complex especially when the process of seeking justice is encompassed. As clearly as it stands, sexual harassment is a criminal offence although culture is very instrumental in fully defining the concept. This implies that the derived meaning of the concept may be as diverse as the existing traditions and cultural values among different ethnic groups. Empirical-based research studies conducted on sexual harassment and culture from different locations in the world reveals it all. While touching the shoulder of a woman whom one is not intimately related with may be considered sexual harassment among some of the Caucasian ethnic groups, the very act may simply be interpreted as a way of seeking attention in the American society. Such variance in culture and perception indeed calls for the application of ordered liberty doctrine that attempts to address and account for cultural differences when passing judgments on wrongdoers. Needless to say, the doctrine of cultural defence is by far and large a bitter pill to swallow since it largely overlooks other cultures when delivering judgments and sentencing defenders. As globalisation continues to take its toll on our traditional systems and structures, we should equally be compatible with the changing times. Moreover, proponents of the latter doctrine should reconsider their stand and allow multi-cultural approach to incidences surrounding sexual harassm ent. References Adler, R. B. Towne, N. (2003). Looking out, looking in. 10th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomson. Berdahl, J. L., Magley, V. J., Waldo, C. R. (1996). The sexual harassment of men? Exploring the concept with theory and data. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20: 527-547. Berryman-Fink, C. (1997). Gender issues: Management style, mobility, and harassment. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Brase, G. L., Miller, R. L. (2001). Differences in the perception of and reasoning about quid pro quo sexual harassment. Psychology, Evolution Gender. 3 (3): 241-264. Canary, D. J., Spitzberg, B. H. (1987). Appropriateness and effectiveness perceptions of conflict strategies. Human Communication Research,14(93): 118. Chae, Y. K. (2007). Cross-Cultural Differences between Korean and America College Students’ Perceptions of Sexual Harassment in Conversational Appropriateness. Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_1?::::: Clair, R. P. (1993). The Use of framing devices to sequester organ izational narratives: Hegemony and sexual harassment. Communication Monographs, 60: 113-36. Dank, M.B. Refinetti, R. (1998). Sexual harassment and sexual consent. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. DeFrancisco, V. P., Palczewski, C. H. (2007). Communicating gender diversity: A critical approach. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Dodd, C. H. (1998). Dynamics of intercultural communication. 5th Edition. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. Itzen, C. Newman, J. (2003). Gender, Culture and Organizational Change: Putting Theory Into Practice. Oxon: Routledge. Kennedy, M. A., Gorzalka B. B. (2002). Asian and non-Asian attitudes toward rape, sexual harassment, and sexuality. Sex Roles, 46 (7/8): 227-238. Landy, J.F Conte, M.J. (2010). Work in the 21st Century: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. California: Wiley-Blackwell. Lee, J. H. (2001). Women workers under the double burden of unstable employment and gender discrimination. Working Women, 26 (10): 25-38. Limpaphay om, W. L., Williams, R. J., Fadil, P. A. (2006). Perceived differences in sexual harassment between business school students in the US and Thailand. Cross Cultural Management. An International Journal, 13(1): 3242. Lott, B., Reilly, M. E. Howard, D. R. (2002). Sexual assault and harassment: A campus community case study Signs. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 8: 296-319. Luo, T. Y. (1996). Sexual harassment in the Chinese workplace: Attitudes toward and experiences of sexual harassment among workers in Taiwan. Violence Against Women, 2 (3): 284-301 Neher, W. W. (1997). Framing and sexual harassment. Organizational communication: Challenges of change, diversity, and continuity. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Parish, W. L., Das, A., Laumann, E. O. (2006). Sexual harassment of women in Urban China. Arch Sex Behavior, 35: 411-425. Saguy, C.A. (2003). What is sexual harassment? From Capitol Hill to the Sorbonne, Los Angeles: University of California Press. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (2009). Brief Outline of a school policy. Web. This essay on Sexual Harassment and culture was written and submitted by user Moises R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Forensics essays

Forensics essays Forensic science is the study of finding, identifying and interpreting the clues and evidence that criminals leave behind at the crime scene. These clues are everything from tire marks in the dirt to an eyelash left on a carpet. Many people are involved in forensic science. Police, detectives, doctors and witnesses are required to investigate the crime. Many forms of scientific equipment are needed in the lab to examine the evidence. Without forensics many of our criminals would still be running free committing more crimes. Evidence is the key factor in solving a crime so as much evidence as possible should be collected. It must be collected with care as not to ruin what is left. Evidence can be anything from an eyelash to a pool of blood left at the crime scene. Detectives use many types of equipment to collect evidence. Before the detectives can rearrange the crime scene they must take photographs which will be developed at the lab later. Fingerprints are one of the most common types of evidence taken. To collect a fingerprint, detectives dust where they believe a fingerprint will be left, such as a doorhandle, they then place an adhesive sheet of plastic that will collect the fingerprint. These adhesive plastic sheets will also be used to collect fibres from a carpet and suspects clothing. The evidence that is collected at the crime scene is taken back to the lab to be tested. For that evidence to be tested the lab must have state of the art equipment. The most common used equipment is electron microscopes. These are used to magnify tiny evidence so that its cells, fibres or whatever is in the specimen can be seen up close so it can be compared with other evidence. A more complex machine used in the lab is a spectrometer. A spectrometer is used to determine what chemicals are present in the unknown substance. Sometimes the simplest things are used as equipment, such as lemon juice because of its acid and ...

Ultraviolet Radiation - Definition of Science Terms

Ultraviolet Radiation - Definition of Science Terms Ultraviolet radiation is another name for ultraviolet light. It is a part of the spectrum outside the visible range, just beyond the visible violet portion. Ultraviolet Radiation Definition Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation or light having a wavelength greater than 100 nm but less than 400 nm. It is also known as UV radiation, ultraviolet light, or simply UV. Ultraviolet radiation has a wavelength longer than that of x-rays but shorter than that of visible light. Although ultraviolet light is energetic enough to break some chemical bonds, it is not (usually) considered a form of ionizing radiation. The energy absorbed by molecules can provide the activation energy to start chemical reactions and may cause some materials to fluoresce or phosphoresce. The word ultraviolet means beyond violet. Ultraviolet radiation was discovered by the German physicist Johann Wilhelm Ritter in 1801. Ritter noticed invisible light beyond the violet portion of the visible spectrum darkened silver chloride treated paper more quickly than violet light. He called the invisible light oxidizing rays, referring to the chemical activity of the radiation. Most people used the phrase chemical rays until the end of the 19th century, when heat rays became known as infrared radiation and chemical rays became ultraviolet radiation. Sources of Ultraviolet Radiation About 10 percent of the light output of the Sun is UV radiation. When sunlight enters the Earths atmosphere, the light is about 50% infrared radiation, 40% visible light, and 10% ultraviolet radiation. However, the atmosphere blocks about 77% of solar UV light, mostly in shorter wavelengths. Light reaching the Earths surface is about 53% infrared, 44% visible, and 3% UV. Ultraviolet light is produced by black lights, mercury-vapor lamps, and tanning lamps. Any sufficiently hot body emits ultraviolet light (black-body radiation). Thus, stars hotter than the Sun emit more UV light. Categories of Ultraviolet Light Ultraviolet light is broken into several ranges, as described by ISO standard ISO-21348: Name Abbreviation Wavelength (nm) Photon Energy (eV) Other Names Ultraviolet A UVA 315-400 3.103.94 long-wave, black light (not absorbed by ozone) Ultraviolet B UVB 280-315 3.944.43 medium-wave (mostly absorbed by ozone) Ultraviolet C UVC 100-280 4.4312.4 short-wave (completely absorbed by ozone) Near ultraviolet NUV 300-400 3.104.13 visible to fish, insects, birds, some mammals Middle ultraviolet MUV 200-300 4.136.20 Far ultraviolet FUV 122-200 6.2012.4 Hydrogen Lyman-alpha H Lyman- 121-122 10.1610.25 spectral line of hydrogen at 121.6 nm; ionizing at shorter wavelengths Vacuum ultraviolet VUV 10-200 6.20124 absorbed by oxygen, yet 150-200 nm can travel through nitrogen Extreme ultraviolet EUV 10-121 10.25124 actually is ionizing radiation, although absorbed by the atmosphere Seeing UV Light Most people cannot see ultraviolet light, however, this is not necessarily because the human retina cant detect it. The lens of the eye filters UVB and higher frequencies, plus most people lack the color receptor to see the light. Children and young adults are more likely to perceive UV than older adults, but people missing a lens (aphakia) or who have had a lens replaced (as for cataract surgery) may see some UV wavelengths. People who can see UV report it as a blue-white or violet-white color. Insects, birds, and some mammals see near-UV light. Birds have true UV vision, as they have a fourth color receptor to perceive it. Reindeer are an example of a mammal that sees UV light. They use it to see polar bears against snow. Other mammals use ultraviolet to see urine trails to track prey. Ultraviolet Radiation and Evolution Enzymes used to repair DNA in mitosis and meiosis are believed to have developed from early repair enzymes that were designed to fix damage caused by ultraviolet light. Earlier in Earths history, prokaryotes could not survive on the Earths surface because exposure to UVB caused adjacent thymine base pair to bind together or form thymine dimers. This disruption was fatal to the cell because it shifted the reading frame used to replicate genetic material and produce proteins. Prokaryotes that escaped protective aquatic life developed enzymes to repair thymine dimers. Even though the ozone layer eventually formed, protecting cells from the worst of the solar ultraviolet radiation, these repair enzymes remain. Sources Bolton, James; Colton, Christine (2008). The Ultraviolet Disinfection Handbook. American Water Works Association. ISBN 978-1-58321-584-5.Hockberger, Philip E. (2002). A History of Ultraviolet Photobiology for Humans, Animals and Microorganisms. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 76 (6): 561–569. doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760561AHOUPF2.0.CO2Hunt, D. M.; Carvalho, L. S.; Cowing, J. A.; Davies, W. L. (2009). Evolution and spectral tuning of visual pigments in birds and mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1531): 2941–2955. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0044

Midterm Assignment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Midterm Assignment - Term Paper Example Others have talked of the rise of the erstwhile colonies and their need for increasing their rates of economic growth as reasons for which there would be a lot of competition in the world without there being any significant cases of violence or anarchy. The rise different sources of power in the world would therefore result in the twentieth century being one where there is violence but not of a significant enough magnitude. This means that there would be middle ground that exists throughout the twentieth century. The events that took place in the twentieth century would affect significantly the outcome of the events of the twenty first. For instance, the two world wars that led to the loss of millions of lives would affect the way in which the world views violence. The way the nations of the world would look at collective violence sanctioned by a group of nation states would be different in the twentieth century. This can be seen in the clout that the United Nations has in dealing with decisions in the twentieth century. Even though there are situations where its authority is flouted, the international community more often than not supports its decisions. The mandate of the United Nations is considered to be synonymous with the mandate of the international community. This mandate is more often than not, geared towards the maintenance of peace in the world. This shall lead to situations where it has to be in conflict with certain interests. This shall lead to friction which shall not however, escalate to a condition where the mandate of the international community can or shall be collectively violated. The chances of two fronts forming in the world in the way it was in the twentieth century is not likely. Robert Jackson refers to the impossibility of extreme anarchy or extreme peace in his book Classical and Modern Thought

Computer Forensics in Biology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computer Forensics in Biology - Research Paper Example Application A structured investigation is carried out to sort out what exactly happened to the computer, when it happened, how it happened, and who did it. This is exactly like solving a murder case and performing postmortem. The operator does not know that the evident information is transparently being created and stored by the computer’s operating system, which can only be extracted through computer forensics software tools and techniques. The crimes include misuse of computer systems, attack on computer systems, using a computer system to work against another system, failure of a computer system, and the like. Though, internet identity theft has made people uncertain about shopping and selling online, checking their bank statements online, visiting auction websites, or entering into business contracts or transactions; however, computer forensics has played its part in helping law enforcement agencies in gathering digital evidence and identifying stolen identities as well as the criminals involved. Computer forensics security solutions focus not only on recovery but also on prevention of security threats in order to provide security solutions that are quicker and cheaper than the conventional techniques. These solutions include intrusion detection system (IDS), internet security system, biometric security system, net privacy system, firewall set-ups, network disaster security system, identity theft prevention system, identity management security system, and so on (Vacca 146). Basic Scientific Principles Involved It is important for computer forensic investigators to follow a structured approach to solving computer and internet-based identity theft cases. Computer crime involving ID theft can be grouped as physical security breaches, personnel security breaches, communications and data security breaches, and operations security breaches. A detailed investigation of the case requires that every security breach is analyzed independently to get a more syst ematic approach towards case solving. The digital examination of ID theft cases requires great expertise at the investigator’s end. The evidence or data that is collected is the valuable asset and has to be dealt with sensitivity, as it will help in deciding the specifications of the crime. Digital data is so delicate that it can be altered with one mistaken tap on the keyboard or one inadvertent press of a key. The forensic investigator will have to use some offline techniques in addition to online techniques. Although offline techniques are not the responsibility of a forensic investigator, but of course, he can use them to help himself toward finding the evidential data. He will have to look for any counterfeit documents, fake checks and bogus bank statements in black and white, in addition to looking for digital evidence residing inside the fraudster’s computer system.  

Coffee and Tea Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Tea Essay Coffee and tea have existed in the world for a long time. Hundreds of years ago, people who lived in South America started to produce coffee, but the earliest drink likes coffee was made by ancient Arabian. They thought it was a kind of medicine used for stomach. After the 15th century, coffee was spread to other countries such as Egypt and Ottoman Empire by Muslims who were back from Hajj, while in ancient China, Chinese people started to make tea about 3000 years ago. Because of nice environment and weather, the first part of tea plants was discovered in southwest China. After, drink tea became an important culture of Chinese people, and tea began to spread into countries near China. Coffee and tea are similar, but different in some specific area. First, coffee and tea are similar but different in population. People from all around the world like them. For example, British people used to drink a cup of tea with some snacks when they have a rest in the afternoon. Western people enjoy drinking black tea, and some of them mix it with milk to make milky tea. Likewise, most people like drinking coffee, for it often tastes good. In China, more and more people began to drink coffee, and some of whom want to taste better coffee like blue mountain coffee. However, although these two drinks are both popular around the world, coffee is still drunk most by western people, while the most quantity of tea is used in East Asia. People lived in China, Japan, and Korea regarded tea as the main drink. Second, coffee and tea are similar but different in function. Both coffee and tea can refresh people because there is a kind of chemical matter, which is caffeine in both of them. This chemical matter can be used for nerves to make a person feel awake and lively. Also, some experts said that black coffee and green tea can help a person lose weight. But, in contrast, tea has some more functions due to another kind of chemical matter which can’t be found in coffee. This chemical matter that named tea polyphenol whose ability is to relieve the effect that is made by poison. Finally, coffee and tea have similarity and difference in origination. Both of them are made from plants. Thousands of years ago, people lived in Africa planted coffee trees in succeed, and now, Brazil has the most coffee trees in the world. In south of China, there are a lot of terraced fields that grow tea trees. On the other hand, people use leaves from tea to make tea, while they use fruits from coffee plants to make coffee. To sum up, coffee and tea are similar in their population, function, and origination, while they are different of their use in different place, their different chemical matter, and their different material. I suggest that people should drink both coffee and tea so that they can be healthier.

Free Billy Budd Essays: Billy Budd as Christ :: Billy Budd Essays

Billy Budd as Christ In this novel, Billy Budd, Melville acts as a "Creator", in that he gives Billy Budd certain superhuman qualities, which allows him to posses the traits of a servant of God. Billy Budd appears Christ-like, because of his peace-making abilities. Although, he is a peacemaker whom will fight for what he believes in and to keep peace. In the beginning of the novel, when Red Whiskers gives Billy Budd problems, he strikes him with a powerful blow and does not have any more problems with him or the crew again. Melville then foreshadows how Billy will use the same tactics the next time he runs into a bully like Red Whiskers. It seems ironic of the names of the ships as we go along in the story. Billy Budd goes from the Rights-of-Man to Bellipotent, it seems then he makes a change like a minister being ordained to a Bishop. Bellipotent signifies a good ship, in that belli- means kind, and -potent means strong and powerful. Melville seems to want his audience to think of the ships as Christ-like symbols also. As in another story, Young Goodman Brown by Hawthorne, a young man is too eager to meet his destiny. Billy Budd is not at the least hesitant, when Lieutenant Ratcliffe wants him for service to King George Ill. Billy Budd goes from a peaceful merchant ship, to a ship at war, full of guns and military discipline. Me lville is suggesting here that Billy will most like endure many problems and hardships entering this service. Billy Budd acts as the foretopman on this ship, which leads the audience to wonder is he doing it out of the grace of God, to make a change on the ship, or is he toying with fate. At the time this novel took place, wars were going on, which was later called the Great Mutiny (a time when sailors rebelled against their own). That explains most of the story Melville is attempting to display. Melville introduces Captain Vere as a dedicated officer who only permits obedience to duty and is very strict with discipline. The author has already foreshadowed many things for the audience. He lets us see how Billy is bound to run into a confrontation with at least one shipmate, and may possibly be accused of mutiny, since the thoughts are already on many officers' minds.

Anti Obama Care Persuasive Speech

On July 25th President Obama paid a visit to the town of Jacksonville, Florida home to a large percentage of goods imported and exported that helps fuel the economy. The purpose of his visit was to indoctrinate the principle of Obama Care. In his speech the president informed the public of an agglomeration of ideas as to why Obama Care will help the economy. And like most of his ideas it requires more spending and a bigger wage for the federal government.As most hardworking Americans know the government does like to take its eye off the financial difficulties of the middle class. But in reality the most devastating impact on the economy is the future existence of Obama Care. When Obama care is put into use this will require every American to have health insurance. And if not they will have to pay 90$ a month or up to 1% of their salary. Mr. President with unemployment at 7. 6% how is it constitutional to force millions of Americans to pay for insurance they simply cannot afford? The answer is it’s not.The Obamacare law mandates that individuals must maintain health ­insurance coverage for themselves and their dependents or pay a penalty. Similarly, it requires employers with 50 or more full ­time workers to provide those workers with health ­insurance coverage. When obama was sworn into office he took and oath that stated â€Å"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States†

Discipleship Counseling

Discipleship Counseling provides training in bible discipleship and gives descriptions and techniques on how to provide instruction to people in need according to God’s word. Anderson uses the Word of God as the sole authority in his book Discipleship Counseling and discusses forms of therapy based on the biblical concept of discipleship. The purpose of this paper is to first briefly summarize the book and then discuss three major themes that were stated in Anderson's book. Discipleship Counseling widely discusses the concept of mental health and how to set valuable principles in helping Christians and non Christians alike.Showing people how to find their identity in Christ and to give up false lies of Satan shown through the world’s eyes. Anderson's discipleship counseling is to give support that can help clients overcome psychological and emotional problems by setting captives free by ridding false beliefs about the true Creator, our God of the Bible and His infinite and loving character. People are transformed by the renewing of their minds (Romans 12:2) and must be conformed to the image of God to understand how the mind works; this and faith walking is an essential part of the sanctification process throughout the book (Anderson, 2003, pp.  86-87).Discipleship Counseling also demonstrates how an individual must give up their control in order to walk in that newness which is ours through what Christ has done for all of humanity (Romans 6:4) and in that relinquishing walk people can â€Å"give up the pleasure of things in exchange for the pleasure of life† (Anderson, 2003, p. 280). In Discipleship Counseling conflict resolution has varied levels each of those based on the maturity of the people being helped. In order to come to the very first level one must go through the sanctification process.Without a person knowing their heritage in Christ and having assurance and faith of their salvation, they will not be capable to be rooted and to grow in Christ. With no rooting, the plant will not grow and God has given us models of how people are to grow in His word, which is the ultimate truth in one’s heritage. The levels laid out rely on defining who counselors are working with and by determining that person’s level of maturity At which time the councelor can start at root issues that need to be resolved, growth issues, and walking with Christ in life issues.At level one, there’s changing from previous ways of living into a new and righteous relationship with God. If they are dealing with believers, the believer must change from their sin ways and start walking in God’s truth. After which, they are instructed to walk by faith through the truth of His word. People must believe that His word is true or their faith will not be fruitful. The suffering or wounded people must be able to obtain and demonstrate their new found character of Christ even while walking through their difficulties.People at the stage of needing help must surrender to the new growth being attached to the word of God and His presence because with Him, there is no life at the root, without life the root the vine will not grow. Their first priority should be their personal relationship with God. The very basic first stage must be managed because unsettled issues will hinder the other workings of the other stages as well. If someone has harmed you, either at home or in a work situation, bring the matter to God. â€Å"Trust in the LORD and do good. Then you will live safely in the land and prosper.Take delight in the LORD, and he will give you your heart's desires† (Psalm 37:3-4) Identifying and overcoming road blocks will lead to forgiveness and reconciliation of self brokenness or broken relationships. The apostle Paul talks about how conflict can bring glory to God (Cor. 10:31-11:1) helping to serve others and to grow in Christ. If people can step through the stepping stones of resolution they will have a better and closer relationship to God, which will flow through them into the lives of others through the guiding of the Holy Spirit.The Freedom appointment was also an essential element in where the counselor helps their Christian counselees’ take the responsibility of their life and consequences, claiming their personal identity and purpose in Christ and then resolving past personal and spiritual conflicts. These key points help them live life productively in Christ (Anderson, 2003, p. 198). In the Freedom Appointment section Anderson gives full credit to Jesus as the wonderful counselor and makes no assertions at his writing being solely needed to become an effective counselor.He himself claimed to have learned most through trial and error. However, he does state that it requires helpers to be dependent on God, in His character and in His truth. â€Å"Just because so many lies flourish in the realm of psychology does not mean Christians should abandon it. Inste ad, Christians must bring God’s truth to a deceived discipline† (Anderson, Zuehlke, & Zuehlke, 2000). Christ came to destroy the craftiness of the devil and his scheming, He alone can conquer satan. If God alone can conquer satan, what could people do if they are walking with an omnipotent, omnipresent God?Being one with God in spirit gives much power to denounce the lies and deceit. Once a lie is found out it has no power over an individual, truth will heal the falsehood and barrier. Through prayer, declaration and generational resolutions people can be liberated from past inventory and give affirmation to their common ground with God. â€Å"Where will you be stricken again, as you continue in your rebellion? The whole head is sick and the whole heart is faint† (Isaiah 1:5). One’s mind and heart must also be examined and working in compliance to His truth.Satan loves to hit the mind and his lies live in the darkness and dark thoughts, but he is overwhelme d and will flee when the truth of the light shines upon his wickedness. â€Å"The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked: who can know it? † (Jeremiah 17:9) The heart and mind are the first targets of satan and his lies but when in God’s word and following truth, this is when people can overthrow him. â€Å"This word or truth is called the seed of God, because it is introduced and made known to the mind by the Holy Ghost. Hence we are said to be ‘begotten of God.'It is his truth that quickens the mind into right voluntary action. Now everyone knows, by his own consciousness, that this is the way in which he was born again. † (Finney) Even through hidden lies deep-set into the mind satan destroys hope and encourages spiritual suicide. A person must come to forgiveness of his past and his throw away his previous false teachings to send the lies of satan into the pit of fire. With a heart and a calling to serve the Lord in Christian couns eling, people can be trained by Anderson through his Christian counseling techniques.Along with the Holy Spirit leading them, they and their counselees can strive to conform themselves to the image of Christ through the His sufferings and to the abandoning of all self-sufficiency for living life. This is when a person gives up his own control with reckless abandon. Satan started lies and trickery in the Garden of Eden when he claimed the Eve could be like God. That human temptation of trying to control every aspect of life has still rung true through the ages.In this day and age, people have a desire for total control but when all else fails they must sacrifice themselves to God in order for a richer blessing and peace. â€Å"The only real control we have is deciding whom we serve† (Anderson N. T. , 2003, p. 281). The principles described in Anderson’s book are laid out well and useful, and they are echoed throughout the bible. Discipleship Counseling seeks to lead the believer to the end of his own personal strength regardless of how productive such self-seeking strengths may have proven to be.The Holy Spirit will work against the believer's dependence upon the flesh and when the worldliness and self skilled ways become unproductive the believer will come seeking counseling. This is when one seeks out God and His ultimate truth for healing. God works through His peacemaker and with that peacemaking training, through the love of Christ and resembling His gentle loving direction â€Å"a gentle answer turns wrath aside, but a harsh word stirs up anger (Prov. 15:1) a Christian counselor can open many doors and steps leading to the Lords ultimate healing.

Aids 3 essays

Aids 3 essays AIDS Related Stigma Since the appearance of AIDS in the late seventies and early eighties, the disease has had attached to it a significant social stigma. This stigma has manifested itself in the form of discrimination, avoidance and fear of people living with AIDS (PLWAs). As a result, the social implications of the disease have been extended from those of other life threatening conditions to the point at which PLWAs are not only faced with a terminal illness but also social isolation and constant discrimination throughout society. Various explanations have been suggested as to the underlying causes of this stigmatization. Many studies point to the relationship the disease has with deviant behavior. Others suggest that fear of contagion is the actual culprit. Examining the existing literature and putting it into societal context leads one to believe that there is no one cause. Instead, there would appear to be a collection of associated factors that influence societys att itudes towards AIDS and PLWAs. As the number of people infected with HIV increases, social workers are and will be increasingly called upon to deal with and serve PLWAs. Although not all social workers chose to work with PLWAs, the escalating incidence of HIV infection is creating a situation in which sera positive people are and will be showing up more often in almost all areas of social work practice. This paper aims to examine AIDS related stigma and the stigmatization process, hopefully providing insights into countering the effects of stigma and perhaps the possibility of destigmatization. This is of particular pertinence to the field of social work due to our growing involvement with the HIV positive population. Association to Deviant/Marginal Behavior one of the most clearly and often identified causes of AIDS related stigma is its association to deviant behavior. The disease has had and still does have a strong associ...

Word Choice Made vs. Maid

Word Choice Made vs. Maid Word Choice: Made vs. Maid The title of the 2002 Jennifer Lopez romcom Maid in Manhattan is a pun. Not a very funny pun, but then it wasn’t a very funny movie either. So at least it’s consistent on that level. And â€Å"made† and â€Å"maid† do indeed sound the same while having different meanings, so it is, undeniably, a pun. JLo is pictured here trying to think of a better title.(Poster/Film: Columbia Pictures) However, if you’ve not seen the movie and   don’t get the joke – or if you’re simply worried about mixing up the words â€Å"made† and â€Å"maid† in your writing – check out our guide to how these terms work below. Made (Past Tense of Make) The word â€Å"made† is the simple past tense and past participle form of the verb â€Å"make.† As such, we use it when something has been â€Å"produced,† â€Å"constructed,† â€Å"achieved,† or â€Å"carried out.† For example: The horn made an unpleasant sound when he blew it. They made the tower from glass and steel. We have made great progress in the last week. I made the phone call first thing this morning. We also see this term used adjectivally sometimes. Usually, this will refer to how something was made, such as in the terms â€Å"handmade† (i.e., made by hand) or â€Å"self-made† (i.e., made without help). Even in these cases, though, â€Å"made† refers to the idea of being produced or constructed. Maid (A Female Domestic Servant) The noun â€Å"maid† is a name for a female domestic servant, typically in a house or hotel. For instance, you might hear someone say: The maid comes in once a day to clean the room. You’ll see it used alone and combined with various other terms, depending on the work done by the woman or girl in question Common examples include â€Å"chambermaid,† â€Å"milkmaid,† and â€Å"handmaid.† This is because, in the past, people used â€Å"maid† as a general term for an unmarried or virginal woman, so it had a wide application. However, this is not true in modern English, so you are unlikely to see it used so widely now. Summary: Made or Maid? These words have very different meanings, so you won’t want to mix them up in your writing. Remember the following distinction: Made is the simple past tense and past participle of the verb â€Å"make.† Typically, then, it means something like â€Å"produced† or â€Å"carried out.† Maid is a noun meaning â€Å"a woman or girl who works as a domestic servant.† If you struggle to tell these words apart, keep in mind that â€Å"made† is only one letter away from â€Å"make.† So if you can remember â€Å"make,† you should be able to remember what â€Å"made† means, too. And if you need any more help with the spelling in a document, we’re always here to help.

Technical managers and the law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Technical managers and the law - Essay Example Employees get a formal workplace with increased freedom and better-working conditions. The customer has an advantage related to workplace laws in that products are made following the set standards with no unnecessary advertisements and misrepresentation of facts to misguide the customers (BizFilings, 2012). Some of the negatives related to workplace laws are the costs associated with legal action in response to these rules. The management, the government, the employees, and the courts suffer significant costs when workplace cases touch on them. The exemption from liability by the workplace laws is another negative that affects most parties. Employees sign laws that limit the extent of their working conditions and impose strict measures regarding the functioning of the business. The management is required by law to establish various provisions relating to the employees and their families at the expense of the company’s working hours. Employees can also sue the business for the mistakes of an individual member of the management team and receive financial compensation at the expense of the company (Root III, 2015). Yes, I have witnessed an ethical workplace law. The management was imposing strict clothing requirements for women while not touching on the requirements for men. The management was using the women in a discriminatory manner to increase their customer base. Women were required to wear short dresses and tightly fitting clothing in a move aimed at increasing male clients. BizFilings. (2012, May 24). Workplace rules protect your business and maintain a positive employee environment. Retrieved from http://www.bizfilings.com/toolkit/sbg/office-hr/managing-the-workplace/workplace-rules.aspx Root III, G. N. (2015). Advantages & disadvantages of ethical compliance in an organization | Chron.com. Retrieved from